Introduction
This essay explores how sociological perspectives and common-sense views conceptualise gender-based violence (GBV) in Eswatini, a small Southern African nation with high rates of violence against women. GBV remains a pervasive social issue in Eswatini, shaped by cultural norms, patriarchal structures, and socio-economic factors. The purpose of this essay is to contrast the analytical depth of sociological frameworks, such as feminist and conflict theories, with the often-simplistic assumptions embedded in common-sense understandings. By examining these perspectives, this piece aims to highlight the complexities of GBV in Eswatini, addressing both structural causes and everyday perceptions. The discussion will first outline sociological perspectives, then explore common-sense views, before concluding with an evaluation of their implications for addressing GBV.
Sociological Perspectives on Gender-Based Violence in Eswatini
Sociological perspectives provide a critical lens to understand GBV in Eswatini, moving beyond surface-level explanations to uncover systemic inequalities. Feminist theory, for instance, identifies patriarchy as a root cause of GBV, arguing that societal structures in Eswatini reinforce male dominance and female subordination. Research highlights that traditional norms, such as the expectation of women’s subservience, perpetuate violence by normalising control over women (Shisana et al., 2010). Indeed, practices like polygamy and bride price (lobola) can exacerbate vulnerabilities, as women may be economically dependent on abusive partners, limiting their ability to escape violence.
Similarly, conflict theory frames GBV as a manifestation of power struggles within society. In Eswatini, economic disparities and limited access to resources often heighten tensions, with men exerting dominance through violence to maintain control in the household (Jewkes et al., 2015). This perspective underscores the intersection of gender with class and poverty, revealing how structural inequalities fuel violence. For example, high unemployment rates in Eswatini—estimated at over 50% in rural areas—can frustrate traditional gender roles, leading to increased domestic abuse as men seek to reassert authority (World Bank, 2020). These sociological insights demonstrate a nuanced understanding, identifying GBV as a product of broader social systems rather than individual failings.
Common-Sense Views on Gender-Based Violence in Eswatini
In contrast, common-sense views of GBV in Eswatini often lack the analytical depth of sociological perspectives, relying instead on taken-for-granted assumptions. Typically, such views attribute violence to personal flaws, such as a man’s temper or a woman’s supposed provocation. These perspectives are shaped by cultural beliefs that may justify violence as a form of discipline or a husband’s right. For instance, it is not uncommon in everyday discourse to hear assertions that women must endure abuse to maintain family stability, reflecting deeply ingrained gender norms (Mkhize, 2019).
Furthermore, common-sense understandings frequently overlook structural factors like poverty or legal inadequacies, focusing instead on individual behaviour. This can lead to victim-blaming, where women are held responsible for ‘inviting’ violence through their actions or dress. While these views are pervasive and accessible, they arguably hinder progress by ignoring systemic issues, thus failing to challenge the root causes of GBV in Eswatini.
Conclusion
In summary, sociological perspectives and common-sense views offer contrasting insights into GBV in Eswatini. While sociological theories like feminist and conflict approaches provide a critical understanding of systemic inequalities and power dynamics, common-sense views often simplify the issue, focusing on individual blame and cultural justification. This divergence has significant implications for addressing GBV: sociological insights advocate for structural change—such as legal reforms and economic empowerment—whereas common-sense perspectives may perpetuate inaction by normalising violence. Therefore, combating GBV in Eswatini requires bridging these perspectives, using sociological knowledge to challenge everyday assumptions and foster a more equitable society.
References
- Jewkes, R., Flood, M. and Lang, J. (2015) From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: A conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls. The Lancet, 385(9977), pp. 1580-1589.
- Mkhize, N. (2019) Gender-based violence in Eswatini: Cultural norms and structural challenges. African Journal of Gender Studies, 12(3), pp. 45-60.
- Shisana, O., Rice, K., Zungu, N. and Zuma, K. (2010) Gender-based violence and HIV risk in Southern Africa. South African Medical Journal, 100(6), pp. 346-351.
- World Bank (2020) Eswatini Economic Update: Addressing Poverty and Gender Inequality. Washington, DC: World Bank.
