Introduction
This essay explores the relationship between agenda-setting theory and the phenomenon known as Missing White Woman Syndrome (MWWS) within the field of criminology. Agenda-setting theory, a key concept in media studies, posits that media outlets influence public perception by determining which issues receive attention and how they are framed (McCombs and Shaw, 1972). MWWS, on the other hand, refers to the disproportionate media coverage given to missing persons cases involving young, white, often middle-class women compared to cases involving individuals from other demographic groups. By critically examining how agenda-setting operates, this essay will argue that media prioritisation and framing contribute significantly to the perpetuation of MWWS. The discussion will be structured into sections focusing on the principles of agenda-setting theory, the characteristics of MWWS, and the mechanisms linking the two phenomena, before concluding with broader implications for criminology and society.
Understanding Agenda-Setting Theory
Agenda-setting theory, first articulated by McCombs and Shaw (1972), suggests that the media does not necessarily tell people what to think but rather what to think about. By selecting which stories to cover and how prominently, media outlets shape public awareness and concern. This process is not neutral; it often reflects societal biases and commercial interests. For instance, news organisations may prioritise stories that resonate with their audience’s values or generate higher viewership. In a criminological context, this theory is significant as it highlights how media can amplify certain types of crime or victimhood while marginalising others. Although agenda-setting does not directly cause public attitudes, it plays a crucial role in determining which issues, such as specific missing persons cases, gain traction and influence policy or public response (Entman, 2007). This selective focus forms the foundation for phenomena like MWWS.
The Nature of Missing White Woman Syndrome
Missing White Woman Syndrome describes a well-documented media bias where cases of missing white women, particularly those who are young and attractive, receive extensive coverage compared to cases involving men, people of colour, or those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Research by Sommers (2016) highlights that white women are overrepresented in missing persons media narratives, often portrayed as innocent, vulnerable, and deserving of public sympathy. In contrast, cases involving minority groups are frequently underreported or framed in ways that suggest culpability or less urgency. This disparity reflects deeper societal stereotypes about race, gender, and class, which are perpetuated through media practices. The implications for criminology are profound, as unequal attention can affect resource allocation in law enforcement and public empathy towards victims.
Linking Agenda-Setting to MWWS
The connection between agenda-setting theory and MWWS lies in the media’s power to prioritise and frame stories. Media outlets, driven by audience appeal and commercial imperatives, often select cases that fit a narrative of the ‘ideal victim’—typically a young, white woman whose story elicits emotional resonance (Christie, 1986). Through agenda-setting, these stories are given prominence via headlines, repeated coverage, and emotive language, thus directing public and institutional focus. For example, high-profile cases like that of Madeleine McCann in the UK received relentless media attention, arguably due to her demographic profile, while similar cases involving non-white children often fade into obscurity (Greer, 2007). Furthermore, the framing of these stories—emphasising purity, tragedy, and urgency—reinforces stereotypes and marginalises other victims. Critically, while agenda-setting does not create these biases, it amplifies them, creating a feedback loop where public interest and media coverage perpetuate inequality in victim representation. This process raises significant questions about the ethics of media influence in criminal justice contexts.
Conclusion
In summary, agenda-setting theory plays a pivotal role in producing Missing White Woman Syndrome by shaping which missing persons cases receive attention and how they are portrayed. Through selective prioritisation and emotive framing, media outlets amplify cases involving white women, reflecting and reinforcing societal biases around race, gender, and class. This essay has shown that such practices not only distort public perceptions of crime and victimhood but also have tangible implications for resource distribution and justice outcomes in criminology. Indeed, addressing MWWS requires a critical examination of media practices and their broader impact on societal values. Future research might explore interventions to promote equitable coverage, ensuring that all victims receive the attention and justice they deserve, regardless of demographic characteristics.
References
- Christie, N. (1986) The Ideal Victim. In: Fattah, E.A. (ed.) From Crime Policy to Victim Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 17-30.
- Entman, R.M. (2007) Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), pp. 163-173.
- Greer, C. (2007) News Media, Victims and Crime. In: Davies, P., Francis, P. and Greer, C. (eds.) Victims, Crime and Society. SAGE Publications, pp. 20-49.
- McCombs, M.E. and Shaw, D.L. (1972) The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), pp. 176-187.
- Sommers, Z. (2016) Missing White Woman Syndrome: An Empirical Analysis of Race and Gender Disparities in Online News Coverage of Missing Persons. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 106(2), pp. 275-314.
