Introduction
Theology, often described as ‘faith seeking understanding,’ is a discipline that occupies a unique space between personal belief and intellectual inquiry. This phrase, attributed to St. Anselm of Canterbury in the 11th century, encapsulates the essence of theology as a pursuit to comprehend the divine through reasoned thought while rooted in faith. This essay explores the reasons behind defining theology in this way, examining the historical origins of the phrase, its implications for theological study, and how it reflects the interplay between faith and reason. By engaging with key theological thinkers and contemporary perspectives, the essay will argue that this definition remains relevant in understanding theology as a dynamic and reflective process. The discussion will be structured into three main sections: the historical context of the phrase, the relationship between faith and reason in theology, and the practical implications of this definition for theological study today.
Historical Context of ‘Faith Seeking Understanding’
The phrase ‘faith seeking understanding’ (fides quaerens intellectum) originates from St. Anselm, a medieval theologian and philosopher, in his work *Proslogion*. Anselm used this expression to describe his approach to contemplating God, suggesting that faith is the starting point from which one seeks deeper comprehension through reason (Anselm, 1077-1078). For Anselm, theology was not merely an intellectual exercise but a spiritual journey; he believed that true understanding of God could only emerge from an initial trust in divine revelation. This perspective positioned theology as distinct from other academic disciplines, as it inherently assumes a commitment to faith as a prerequisite for inquiry.
Anselm’s definition was later echoed by other influential theologians, such as St. Augustine, who famously stated, “I believe in order to understand” (Augustine, 397-400). This historical context reveals that theology, from its early formulations in the Christian tradition, has been understood as a discipline where personal belief and intellectual exploration are intertwined. The phrase became a foundational concept in Western theology, shaping the way scholars approached questions of doctrine, scripture, and the nature of God. It reflects an early recognition that theology is not purely rationalist but is grounded in a lived experience of faith that seeks to articulate and justify itself through reasoned thought.
The Interplay Between Faith and Reason
Central to the definition of theology as ‘faith seeking understanding’ is the relationship between faith and reason. Theology operates on the premise that faith—whether in divine revelation, sacred texts, or religious experience—provides the foundation for inquiry. However, it is through reason that theologians attempt to unpack, interpret, and sometimes defend these beliefs. This dual dynamic is what distinguishes theology from purely philosophical or empirical disciplines. As McGrath (2011) argues, theology is an attempt to make sense of faith commitments in a way that is coherent and meaningful within a broader intellectual framework.
For instance, consider the theological debates surrounding the doctrine of the Trinity. Early Christian theologians, such as Athanasius, relied on faith in the teachings of Christ and the scriptures to affirm the divinity of Jesus. Yet, they also employed rigorous logical argumentation to counter challenges from Arianism, which questioned this divinity (Kelly, 1977). Here, faith in divine revelation sought understanding through philosophical categories and reasoned discourse, demonstrating how theology navigates complex issues by balancing belief with critical analysis. However, this balance is not without tension; some critics argue that an over-reliance on reason can undermine the mystery inherent to faith, while others suggest that uncritical faith risks intellectual stagnation (Barth, 1936). Theology, therefore, must continually negotiate these poles, ensuring that neither faith nor reason dominates at the expense of the other.
Furthermore, this interplay highlights a limitation of the definition. While ‘faith seeking understanding’ aptly describes much of Christian theology, it may not fully encompass traditions where faith is less about personal belief and more about communal practice or ethical living, such as in some strands of Judaism or Buddhism. Nevertheless, within the predominantly Christian context where the phrase originated, it remains a powerful descriptor of theology’s purpose and method.
Implications for Theological Study Today
Defining theology as ‘faith seeking understanding’ has significant implications for how the discipline is studied and practised in contemporary academic settings. Firstly, it underscores the importance of personal engagement with faith as a starting point for theological inquiry. Unlike purely secular disciplines, theology often requires students and scholars to reflect on their own beliefs or at least to empathetically engage with the faith perspectives they study. This reflective dimension can enrich theological study, as it encourages a deeper connection with the material beyond mere intellectual analysis (Ford, 1999).
Secondly, the definition promotes an interdisciplinary approach. Since theology seeks understanding, it frequently draws on philosophy, history, sociology, and even the natural sciences to address complex questions about God, ethics, and human existence. For example, contemporary discussions on the compatibility of evolutionary theory with religious belief demonstrate how theology engages with scientific discourse to refine and articulate faith positions (McGrath, 2011). This willingness to dialogue with other fields illustrates theology’s adaptability and relevance, though it also presents challenges in maintaining disciplinary boundaries and avoiding dilution of its core concerns.
Finally, the definition invites a critical approach to faith itself. By seeking understanding, theology does not merely accept religious claims at face value but subjects them to scrutiny and interpretation. This critical stance can be seen in modern liberation theology, where faith in God’s justice prompts theologians to challenge systemic inequalities and seek a deeper understanding of divine will in social contexts (Gutierrez, 1973). While this critical engagement can be intellectually enriching, it also risks alienating those who view faith as primarily a matter of personal devotion rather than academic critique. Thus, the definition, while apt, must be applied with sensitivity to diverse theological perspectives.
Conclusion
In conclusion, defining theology as ‘faith seeking understanding’ captures the essence of the discipline as a harmonious blend of personal belief and intellectual pursuit. Originating with Anselm, this phrase reflects a historical tradition within Christian theology that values both faith as a foundation and reason as a tool for deeper insight. The interplay between these elements allows theology to address complex spiritual and ethical questions, as seen in historical debates and contemporary engagements with other disciplines. Moreover, this definition has practical implications for theological study, encouraging personal reflection, interdisciplinary dialogue, and critical scrutiny of religious claims. However, its applicability may be limited outside Christian contexts, and its emphasis on understanding risks overshadowing the experiential aspects of faith for some practitioners. Nevertheless, ‘faith seeking understanding’ remains a compelling and enduring framework for conceptualising theology, highlighting its unique role as a discipline that bridges the personal and the intellectual. This definition not only shapes academic study but also invites ongoing reflection on how faith can be meaningfully understood in an ever-changing world.
References
- Anselm of Canterbury. (1077-1078) Proslogion. Translated by M.J. Charlesworth, Oxford University Press, 1965.
- Augustine of Hippo. (397-400) Confessions. Translated by H. Chadwick, Oxford University Press, 1991.
- Barth, K. (1936) Church Dogmatics. Translated by G.W. Bromiley, T&T Clark, 1975.
- Ford, D.F. (1999) Theology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
- Gutierrez, G. (1973) A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, and Salvation. Orbis Books.
- Kelly, J.N.D. (1977) Early Christian Doctrines. 5th ed., A&C Black.
- McGrath, A.E. (2011) Christian Theology: An Introduction. 5th ed., Wiley-Blackwell.
