Introduction
Climate change represents one of the most pressing global challenges of the 21st century, with far-reaching implications for ecosystems, economies, and human livelihoods. Defined as long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns, primarily due to human activity, it is a multifaceted issue requiring urgent attention. This essay, written from the perspective of an environmental studies student, aims to explore the primary causes of climate change, focusing on greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation, and its significant effects, including rising temperatures and extreme weather events. By examining these aspects, the essay seeks to highlight the interconnected nature of human actions and environmental consequences, supported by evidence from reputable academic sources.
Causes of Climate Change
The predominant cause of climate change is the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), which trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels for energy and transportation, are major contributors to this rise. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes accounted for approximately 78% of the total GHG increase between 1970 and 2010 (IPCC, 2014). Indeed, industrialisation and urbanisation have intensified this trend, as developing and developed nations alike rely heavily on non-renewable energy sources.
Another critical factor is deforestation, which reduces the Earth’s capacity to absorb CO2 through photosynthesis. Forests act as carbon sinks, and their destruction—often for agriculture or logging—releases stored carbon into the atmosphere. The World Resources Institute reports that tropical deforestation contributes to about 10-15% of global GHG emissions annually (WRI, 2020). While efforts to combat deforestation exist, the scale of loss remains alarming, particularly in regions like the Amazon, where economic pressures often outweigh environmental concerns. These causes, though complex, demonstrate a clear link between human activity and climatic shifts.
Effects of Climate Change
The effects of climate change are both widespread and profound, impacting natural and human systems alike. One of the most evident consequences is global temperature rise. The IPCC notes that the global average surface temperature has increased by approximately 1.1°C since pre-industrial levels, with significant regional variations (IPCC, 2021). This warming disrupts ecosystems, leading to phenomena such as glacier retreat and rising sea levels, which threaten coastal communities. For instance, small island nations face existential risks due to inundation—a stark reminder of climate change’s unequal impact.
Furthermore, climate change exacerbates extreme weather events, including heatwaves, floods, and storms. Research indicates a marked increase in the frequency and intensity of such events over recent decades (Trenberth, 2012). In the UK, for example, flooding has become more common, disrupting infrastructure and agriculture. These effects not only cause immediate harm but also strain economic resources, highlighting the need for adaptive measures. Arguably, the unpredictability of such events poses a significant challenge for policymakers attempting to mitigate risks.
Conclusion
In conclusion, climate change is driven primarily by greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation, both of which stem from human activity. The resultant effects, including rising temperatures and extreme weather, have far-reaching implications for environmental stability and human well-being. This essay has underscored the urgency of addressing these issues through collective action, as the interconnectedness of causes and effects demands global cooperation. While solutions exist, such as transitioning to renewable energy and sustainable land use, their implementation remains inconsistent. Therefore, further research and policy innovation are imperative to mitigate the long-term consequences of this crisis, ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
References
- IPCC. (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
- IPCC. (2021) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
- Trenberth, K. E. (2012) Framing the way to relate climate extremes to climate change. Climatic Change, 115(2), 283-290.
- WRI. (2020) Forests Absorb Twice as Much Carbon as They Emit Each Year. World Resources Institute.
