Write a 2,000-word critical review of the research article: “Self-Driving Cars, Trolley Problems, and the Value of Human Life: An Argument Against Abstracting Human Characteristics” by Stephen R. Milford, Bernice S. Elger, and David M. Shaw .Core Argument & Thesis: The essay should support the paper’s primary claim that human value is based on innate unsubstitutability rather than particularity. However, the review must critically expand this by arguing that the focus on “trolleyology” (AV crash scenarios) is a corporate-driven distraction from more ethical and community-based solutions, specifically public transportation.Structural Requirements:Introduction: * Summarize the paper’s critique of the Moral Machine Experiment (MME) and the “voting rule” approach to ethics .Introduce the thesis: while Milford et al. successfully dismantle the logic of characteristic-based value, they miss the broader socio-political context where AVs perpetuate hyper-individualism.Section 1: The Ontological Failure of Characteristic-Based Value:Explain the paper’s argument on internal and external fluctuation of characteristics (age, gender, social status).Flesh out the “flattening” of personhood and the risk of creating a relative value hierarchy.Discuss the impossibility of AVs accurately determining biological inner workings or complex identities like gender presentation in real-time.Section 2: The False Analogy of Triage vs. Trolleyology:Critically analyze the difference between medical triage (based on survival prognosis) and AV crash programming (based on moral value judgments).Discuss how AV decisions are pre-programmed and lack the “instinctive” or “reactionary” leeway afforded to human drivers .Section 3: The Societal Alternative—Public Transit as a Moral Imperative:Argue that the “moral imperative” to save lives should lead to public transportation investment rather than AVs.Explain the benefits of cross-class empathy and community formed by shared transit.Critique the “profit over people” mindset of corporations pushing AV solutions.Conclusion: * Reiterate that human value must remain unqualified and inalienable. Conclude that the ethical “trolley problem” is a human rights issue that cannot be offloaded to automated systems. Ensure all arguments are supported by the provided sources.